What does Deming recommend manipulating to have the greatest impact on quality?

Deming emphasizes the importance of focusing on the systems used to produce a product when aiming to improve quality. He believes that the majority of quality issues arise from the processes and systems in place, rather than solely from individual employees or teams. By refining and optimizing these systems, organizations can create a more stable environment that fosters consistent quality outcomes.

The systems encompass a wide range of factors, including processes, workflows, and organizational structures. By addressing the root causes within these systems, Deming's approach suggests that the overall quality of the products or services can be significantly enhanced. This focus on systems aligns with his philosophy of continuous improvement and the idea that improving processes can lead to better quality, more efficient use of resources, and increased customer satisfaction.

Although workforce training, quality assurance teams, and customer feedback mechanisms play vital roles in a comprehensive quality management strategy, manipulating and improving the underlying systems is viewed as the most effective way to ensure lasting quality improvements.